Ontology Description

A Category is a type that classifies individuals in the tourism domain. Examples of categories include "music event", which classifies the South Tyrol Jazz Festival 2018, and "public space", which classifies the Piazza Walther Von der Vogelweide.

A Category may classify one or more types of individuals. For instance, "music event" classifies only instances of event plans, while "public space" classifies instances of venue and trail.

A Feature is an attraction or anything that can be present in an individual in the tourism domain. Examples of features include, "auditorium" as in venues that present some available auditorium, "food and drinks" as in events that present food selling stations, or "parking space" for places that present a dedicated parking area.

A Snowpark Feature is a snowpark-specific feature. Examples of snowpark features include "rail" ands "ramp", these present in snowparks that enable the practice of special maneuvers in winter sports.

A Named Individual is an Named Entity that cannot have instances (i.e.,it is not a type). Examples include particular events, mountain areas, and venues. A Named Individual is characterized, in addition to the attributes it inherits from Named Entity, the categories it instantiates and the features it has.

Categories and features can be organized into hierarchies where being an instance of a child category implies being an instance of the parent category and presenting a child feature implies presenting a parent feature. For example, an instance of the event plan category "conference" is also an instance of its parent category "business event". Moreover, a venue that presents the feature "olympic size swimming pool" also presents the its parent feature "swimming pool".

Categories and Features cannot instantiate other Categories or Features.

An individual who bears mental attitudes and is capable of performing actions and perceiving events.

An Agent is either a Person, such as Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Lionel Messi, and Serena Williams, or an Organization, such as Apple, Facebook, the AlpineBits Alliance, and the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano.

An Agent can play several roles within the touristic domain, namely the Organizer, Sponsor, Publisher, or Contributor of an event, the Copyright Owner of a media object, and the Area Owner of a mountain area.

A fragment of the ontology depicting Agent and its properties is presented below:

In addition to the attributes inherited from Named Individual, Agents have a property named contactPoints, which identifies a list of Contact Points one can use to get in touch with an Agent.

A Contact Point informs how to contact an Agent, namely its email address, telephone number, and physical address, but also when to do it by means of the availableHours property.

Contact Point information is relevant for tourists who want to contact the owner of a mountain area to know about its slopes conditions, or for customers who want to contact an event’s organizer about ticket prices.

An object that materializes creative works into a digital format to enable processing and sharing.

Three disjoint types of Media Objects are identified in the ontology, namely Audio Object, e.g. an audio file containing a recording of a song, Image Object, e.g. an image file depicting a lift, and Video Object, e.g. a video file containing a recording of a musical performance.

A fragment of the ontology depicting Media Object, its properties, and subtypes is shown below:

In addition to the attributes inherited from Named Individual, Media Object is characterized by contentType, which refers to the Media Types (formerly known as MIME Types) defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

A Media Object, or more precisely, the creative work embedded in it, can be owned an by agent, termed the Copyright Owner. Additionally, it may be available for reuse by others according to a License Type, such as the Creative Commons 1.0 Universal.

A Media Object often depicts a Named Individual, such as events, event venues, lifts, ski slopes, and snowparks. This depiction is captured in the ontology by means of the historical dependence between Named Individual and Media Object.

An individual that has a fixed physical location and can be localized within a Global Positioning System (GPS) (adapted from Schema.org). Examples of places include a town square, a stadium, a ski slope, a gas station, and a park.

A Place may go through two phases: In Operation and Permanently Closed. The first classifies places that are functioning, regardless if they are currently open or not. The second classifies those that have terminated its operations. The sub-phases of In Operation identify the current state of a place according to its opening hours, i.e., if it is open or closed at a given point in time.

Place specializes Named Individual and thus, inherits all of its attributes.

Place is additionally characterized by the attributes address, howToArrive, and openingHours: address represents the physical address of a place; howToArrive is a textual description on how to arrive at a place; and openingHours identifies when a place is (or should be) open.

A Place may be physically connected to other places and give access to them. For instance, the Falzeben Gondola at Merano 2000 gives access to the Falzeben I and Wallpach slopes. In the ontology, this relation is captured by the connections self-type association defined for Place

A fragment of the ontology centered around the Place concept, its properties, and subtypes is shown below:

The GPS information that can be associated to a Place is represented by means of the Geometry quality, which is sub-classified into the following subtypes according to its geometrical shape: Point, Multi Point, Line String, Multi Line String, Polygon, and Multi Polygon. Instances of Geometry must instantiate exactly one of the aforementioned subtypes.

The coordinates attribute in the Geometry class is the list of points that compose the geometry.

An Event Plan is something that is planned to happen at a particular place and time, organized by an agent for a particular purpose, and is of interest to a general audience (adapted from the Core Public Event Vocabulary).

Examples include the Südtirol Jazz Festival 2018, the South Tyrol Free Software Conference organized in 2019, the Bolzano Christmas Market of 2019, and a Serie A match between Juventus and Napoli.

In addition to the attributes inherited from Named Individual, an Event Plan has the attributes startDate, endDate, and capacity: a startDate which describes when the event is planned to start; an endDate which describes when the event is planned to end; and capacity which describes how many people can attend the event.

An Event Plan happens at one or more places, which are dubbed its Venues. For instance, the venue of Bolzano Christmas Market in 2019 was Piazza Walther.

An Event Plan may involve several Agents, i.e. persons or organizations, in different ways. An Organizer plans the event and is legally responsible for it; the Publisher provides data about it; a Sponsor supports its organization, usually by making financial contributions; and a Contributor actively participates in the event, such as a presenter, a singer or an expositor.

Events may be composed of smaller events. For instance, the Südtirol Jazz Festival 2019 was composed of over 30 individual concerts. This type of event is classified as a Composite Event in the ontology, while those without sub-events are deemed Simple Events.

An Event Plan is in one of two phases, namely Published and Cancelled. The former refers to those whose plans are or were valid, while the latter refers to those that have been canceled.

Some Events are recurrently organized over time. The "template" for such events is called an Event Series. Examples include the Olympics, which is organized every 4 years, the Bolzano Christmas Market, which is organized every year, and the Food Truck Weekend, which is organized sporadically in Trento.

The frequency in which an Event Series is organized is captured in the ontology by the homonymous attribute.

A fragment of the ontology focused on the concepts of Event Plan, Event Series, and Venue is shown below:

A Mountain Area is a geographical region in which alpine sports and activities can be performed, such as skiing, snowboarding, climbing, and hiking.

Examples include Dolomiti Superski, located in South Tyrol, Italy, Zermatt Matterhorn, located in Switzerland, and St. Anton Arlberg, located in Austria.

An excerpt of the ontology regarding Mountain Area its properties is shown below:

As a particular type of Place, Mountain Area inherits all of its attributes and relations, which includes address and GPS-related properties.

Instances of Mountain Area are alpine regions that contain other places of interest, among which instances of Lift and Trail are commonly found.

Mountain Areas may contain other mountain areas. This is the case of Dolomiti Superski and Ortler Skiarena, which contain several smaller areas in South Tyrol. In such cases, the broader area contains, by transitivity, every Lift and Trail within its contained areas.

Note, the composition of mountain areas is:

A Mountain Area is usually owned by an organization. For instance, the Merano 2000 area is owned by the Merano 2000 Funivie Spa organization.

A Trail is a physical path where sporting activities can be performed. Trails are classified according to the sports they afford, such as hiking trails, ski trails, and biking trails, which support hiking, skiing, and biking respectively. This version of the standard distinguishes between two types of trails, namely Ski Slope (aka ski trail) and Snowpark.

Trails are rated according to how challenging it is to practice a sport in them. This characteristic is captured by means of a general Difficulty quality, which can be projected in different scales. For instance, a Ski Slope’s `Difficulty can be valued according to the european or american systems, as in the Falzeben I slope of the Merano 2000 area is rated blue (or easy) in the european system.

A Ski Slope is a Trail, usually on a hill, where people can ski and snowboard.

A Snowpark is a Trail specially designed to allow skiers and snowboarders to perform freestyle tricks by providing them with special features, such as jumps and rails.

A Lift is a machine designed to transport people uphill, often being used to transport skiers in mountain areas. Lifts may be of several types, such as chairlifts, gondolas, and cableways.

A fragment of the ontology that formalizes Trail, Ski Slope, Snowpark, and Lift is presented below:

A relevant piece of information for alpine tourists during the winter season is the snow condition of mountain areas and ski slopes. This is captured in the ontology by means of the Snow Measurement concept, a relator that describes the result of a measuring activity performed by an Agent, at a particular Place, in a given point in time (date).

An excerpt of the ontology describing Snow Measurement is shown below:

Note that Snow Measurement specializes Geospatial Feature. This means that its instances may be localized using GPS Geometries of any shape.

A Snow Measurement identifies the following descriptive properties: